Postpartum Psychosis Linked to Bipolar Disorder

Postpartum Psychosis Linked to Bipolar Disorder Bipolar Disorder Symptoms Depression Print Postpartum Psychosis Linked to Bipolar Disorder By Marcia Purse Marcia Purse is a mental health writer and bipolar disorder advocate who brings strong research skills and personal experiences to her writing. Learn about our editorial policy Marcia Purse Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Carly Snyder, MD on November 13, 2019 facebook twitter linkedin Carly Snyder, MD is a reproductive and perinatal psychiatrist who combines traditional psychiatry with integrative medicine-based treatments.   Learn about our Medical Review Board Carly Snyder, MD Updated on January 28, 2020 Bipolar Disorder Overview Symptoms & Diagnosis Causes Treatment Living With In Children Your Rights Tetra Images - Jamie Grill / Brand X Pictures / Getty Images Experts estimate that 50 to 85% of all new mothers experience the baby blues, a common response to hormonal changes after the birth of a child that typically self-resolves within two weeks. However, an estimated 14% of new mothers will develop postpartum depression, a more serious condition that can include mood swings, uncontrollable crying, fatigue or exhaustion, feelings of guilt, inadequacy or worthlessness, lack of interest in the baby and other common signs of depression. Around 0.1-0.2% (thats one or two of one thousand women) will develop postpartum psychosisâ€"a very serious illness that needs quick intervention, usually including hospitalization. One or two of one thousand may not sound like many until you learning that in 2018 there were approximately 3.79 million births in the United States. This translates to 3,790 to 7,580 women who may experience postpartum psychosis per year. Given the rates of suicide and infanticide related to postpartum psychosis, this estimates a risk of more than 300 infants killed and approximately 380 mothers committing suicide because of this illness each year in the U.S. alone. Causes and Risk Factors Although more studies are needed to determine the causes of postpartum illnesses, the evidence suggests that the sudden drop in estrogen levels that occurs immediately after the birth of a child plays a significant role, along with sleep disruptions that are inevitable before and after the birth. Many researchers conclude that postpartum psychosis is considered to be on the bipolar spectrum and a prior history of depression and/or anxiety is a strong risk factor. Poor social support, young age, traumatic delivery, and financial instability are other potential causative factors. One of the biggest risk factors for postpartum psychosis is a previously diagnosed bipolar disorder or schizophrenia, along with a family history of one of these conditions. Also, women who have already experienced postpartum depression or psychosis have a 20 to 50% chance of having it again at future births. Additionally, sleep deprivation worsens mood symptoms and may increase the risk of development of a postpartum mood disorder. Symptoms of Postpartum Psychosis Symptoms of postpartum psychosis are consistent with those of a bipolar I psychotic episode but have some special twists specifically related to motherhood. They include, but are not limited to: HallucinationsDelusionsPeriods of delirium or maniaThoughts of harming the baby or oneselfIrrational feelings of guiltRefusing to eatThought insertion: The notion that other beings or forces (God, aliens, the CIA, etc.) can put thoughts or ideas into ones mindInsomnia: Although studies are beginning to show that insomnia may be a cause rather than an effectReluctance to tell anyone about the symptoms If  You Already Have Bipolar Disorder You should be awareâ€"and so should your loved onesâ€"that having a history of bipolar disorder may mean that you have a higher-than-average risk of having postpartum psychosis. Prompt treatment is essential to get postpartum psychosis under control. Under no circumstances should you spend most of your time alone with your infant, as this may lead to severe disruptions in sleep that can make a bad situation even worse. Keep in contact with your psychiatrist or therapist during the first six weeks after your childs birth. Arrange ahead of time to have your husband or partner, relatives, friends or even social workers help you care for the infant and make sure you get the rest you need. If you have to choose between breastfeeding and taking your medications, choose the medications. The sooner you get treatment for postpartum illnesses, the faster they can be controlled.

The Wonderous Mystery of Black Holes - 1668 Words

Just a hundred years ago in 1915 was the time Einstein created his theories of General Relativity, thus the makings of what is known today. These theories helped predict that black holes actually occupy the universe vastly (Wiki authors). Because black holes are virtually invisible to the human eye, since not even light can escape their clutches, it is hard to understand something that can’t be seen or even assume it exists. Though the concept of black holes can be traced back to 1795, to Pierre Simon Laplace, who originally proposed the idea. It was Karl Schwarzchild to be the first to start proving black holes exist from the research of Einstein and others (Freudenrich). This was just the start of black holes becoming a major focus of astronomers and astrophysicists globally. The common misconception of black holes is that they are ‘a hole’ in space, but the fact is, they are a dense orb of matter that continuously grows and consumes. Popular believe is that a black hole is a gateway through time and space but that is not the case. All someone would find at the center of a black hole would be a dense orb a matter called the singularity, or core (Freudenrich). Black holes do in a way distort time and space because of their immense mass yet one would die and be burnt to a crisp before even coming close to reaching the highly dense core. If watched from the earth, it would take an infinite amount of time to be consumed by and become a part of a black hole, but

Research And Analytical Skills Senior Communications...

1. Demonstrated research and analytical skills My well-developed research and analytical skills have been continually demonstrated during my five years’ employment with the NSW State Emergency Service (NSW SES), predominantly in my current role of Senior Communications Officer where I proficiently research and analyse information on a daily basis. Within my current role as Senior Communications Officer, I have recognised the need to continually research and gather information in relation to operational communications. I do this by researching numerous forms of intelligence, such as; internal reports, industry news sources, white papers, industry social media and Government policy. Once I have obtained the information I use my analytical skills to decipher the material and categorise this into manageable portions relevant to areas of the business. I do this on a daily basis and hold regular meetings with my peers to advise them of recent industry trends and new emerging technologies. My adept analytical skills are demonstrated in my current role, where I regularly analyse information from several internal systems to identify patterns and trends related to operational communications issues and outage occurrences within the Service. This requires me to access the Service’s operational management system to filter through job entries and activity reports and correlate this to issue reports received through the IT service desk system. I correlate this data into a SharePointShow MoreRelatedPolicy Officer Personal Statement1059 Words   |  5 PagesPolicy Officer Position Number: 512167 Selection Criteria: Experience in, or the ability to acquire specific knowledge of, the health and human services and government relations and policy development I have worked for approximately 20 years as a government and health care employee and during this time I have researched, reviewed, and authored policies of varying levels of complexity. 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Leading by example and achieving exceptional results in a variety of roles, including Site Security Supervisor (Inspector Rank), Senior Security Officer, Second-In-Charge Security Operations, APS Administrative - Levels 3, 4 6, Petty Officer, Leading Seaman and Able Seaman. I have demonstrated proficiency in the delivery of high quality customer service, leading and supervising teams, co upled with strong business administration, computerRead MoreLeadership, Management, Training, And Curriculum Development1887 Words   |  8 Pagesinnate ability to develop a cohesive team dedicated to any task at hand. 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Which Contribute to Low Health Expectancy in Developed Countries Free Essays

Outline the factors which contribute to low health expectancy in developed countries. Identify and assess possible solutions to reduce this problem. Health expectancy is â€Å"the number of years a person can expect to live in good health†. We will write a custom essay sample on Which Contribute to Low Health Expectancy in Developed Countries or any similar topic only for you Order Now (New Zealand Ministry of Social Development, 2010). It reflects concern about the quality of life. Furthermore, low health expectancy means that people live in poor health which is affected by diseases and disability. Many factors contribute to low health expectancy, including smoking and obesity. Society should pay more attention to solve these problems to increase health expectancy. This essay will outline the factors which lead to low health expectancy, and then discuss the possible solutions to reduce the problem. First of all, it is obviously smoking is a factor leading to low health expectancy which is very common in developed countries. To begin with, smoking prevalence in European countries is 32% which is an extremely high number (WHO, 2012). In addition, there are some diseases caused by smoking is a well-known fact, such as lung disease and stroke. However, people aren’t aware that how serious it is the smoking problem affect to people’s health. In fact, WHO (2008, p. 14) points out â€Å"smoked tobacco in any form causes up to 90% of all lung cancers,† and a dozen different kinds of cancer and chronic disease are caused by smoking. To sum up briefly, smoking has a very serious impact on people’s health and life in developed countries. Then, this problem could be solved by reducing smoking prevalence and improving people’s awareness of the risk of smoking. The solutions will focus on three aspects which are individual, tobacco industry and the government. Firstly, the solution for individual is quit smoking. Quit smoking is the direct effective way for smokers to increase health expectancy. According to WHO (2012), there are three-quarters of smokers want to quit smoking. However it is clearly that the number who quit smoking successfully is far below this data, the main reason for the failure is smokers are addicted to nicotine. The nicotine in tobacco is not only causing a variety of diseases but also leading a highly addictive (Hammond, 2009. . Secondly, the solution for the tobacco industry, they could do the appropriate measures such as add health warnings on tobacco packages, health warnings on tobacco packages increase smokers’ awareness of their risk (WHO, 2008, p. 34). But unfortunately, the tobacco industry would not be willing to do it unless the policy requires them to do so. However, the relevant policies in many de veloped countries are lacking. So if the national laws and regulations force the tobacco industry to do it then the solution would be more effective. Thirdly, the solutions for government, the government should ban on tobacco advertising and raise tobacco taxes. WHO (2008, p. 37) states that if the government ban on tobacco advertising that the tobacco sales will have up to 16% decrease. In addition, increase tobacco taxes could raise the price of tobacco. According to WHO (2008, p. 39) that â€Å"increasing the price of tobacco through higher taxes is the single most effective way to decrease consumption and encourage tobacco users to quit†. In conclusion, the smoking problem will be solved by joint efforts of the whole community. Apart from that, another important factor which decreases people’s health expectancy is obesity. WHO (2012) states that obesity will become a major factor lead to lower health expectancy in the later parts of this century. Moreover, in developed countries obesity is a very severe problem that affects over 20% of adults on average (OECD, 2011). Furthermore, according to WHO (2012), obesity is the main reason which causes cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, and several types of cancer. That means overweight people are expected to have a low health expectancy. To solve the problem of obesity, the solution could be considered from three aspects. The first aspect is at the individual level, people should reduce the energy intake from total fats and take regular physical activity to prevent overweight, because obesity is caused by high-energy food intake and lack of physical activity (WHO, 2012). But obviously, this need people have a strong self-control, also diet and excessive exercise may be able to cause the other health problems. The second aspect is about the food industry, the main source of the high-energy food is processed food. Therefore the food industry should reduce the content fat, sugar and salt in processed food, and try their best to provide fresh food, such as fruit, vegetables and nuts. However, the more healthy food will bring about higher prices, and then people will spend more money to improve the quality of their food. The third aspect is about the government and social organizations. The Government has a responsibility to help people to improve awareness of the prevention of obesity and to build more public exercise facilities. In terms of social organization, they should cooperate with the Government to implement the policy about obesity. For example, the advertising industry should increase the number of public service advertising about to improve people’s awareness of the risk of obesity? However, this will take a long time and a lot of money. To conclude, healthy expectancy is the indicator of the quality of life. This essay has discussed that health expectancy is reduced by negative factors including smoking and obesity. So it is necessary to analyse these factors, identify and assess the solutions from the aspects of individual, organization and the government to solve the problem, and then to improve people’s health expectancy and the quality of people’s lives. References Hammond, S. K. (2009). Global Patterns of Nicotine and Tobacco Consumption. Berlin Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag New Zealand Ministry of Social Development. (2010). Health expectancy. Retrieved October 17, 2012 From: http://socialreport. msd. govt. nz/health/health-expectancy. html OECD. (2012). Obesity update 2012. Retrieved October 17, 2012. From the OECD website: http://www. oecd. org/els/healthpoliciesanddata/49716427. pdf WHO. (2012). Facts and figures. Retrieved October 17, 2012. From: http://www. euro. ho. int/en/what-we-do/health-topics/disease-prevention/tobacco/facts-and-figures. WHO. (2012). Obesity. Retrieved October 21, 2012. From: http://www. euro. who. int/en/what-we-do/health-topics/noncommunicable-diseases/obesity WHO. (2012). Obesity and overweight. Retrieved October 21, 2012 From the World Health Organization: http://www. who. int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs311/en/ WHO. (2008). WHO Report on the Global Tobacco Epidemic, 2008: The MPOWER package. [Electronic version]. Geneva: World Health organization. How to cite Which Contribute to Low Health Expectancy in Developed Countries, Essay examples

Panic 1837 Essays - Financial Crises, Systemic Risk,

Panic 1837 The depression of 1937 was sometimes also referred to as ?The Panic of 1837.? The true panic of this depression consisted of banks over- extending credit on insufficient collateral as well as a shortage of the nations currency. The shortage of currency failed to meet the demands of the country at a time when the nation was prospering, the railroad was laying tracks and extending outward, and canals were being built to make even more routes of transportation. Basically, people were spending money and investors were buying in to the American corporations and state bonds. In the book American History a Survey (268), it is stated that during 1835 - 1837 nearly 40 million acres of land were bought and sold in the nation to immigrants who had little or no money. The land was sold on credit at greatly advanced prices. However, investors who were mostly Eastern speculators from the United States coming here to take advantage of the situation were buying most of the land. They had hopes to re-sale and make a profit. Their form of payment for this land was usually loans from banks. At the same time, the money from these land sales was coming in to the US treasury from land office, and most of it was of dubious value. In short, the government was selling acres of land and, in return, receiving a miscellaneous collection of state bank notes, none of which was really worth the stated value. In a lecture delivered before the Sunday lecture society, May 7, 1876, by John Wentworth, Mr. Wentworth told people ?the government was not only out of debt, that it also had an existing surplus of funds.? At this point, men became excited and reckless, as money was taken from every branch of business to invest in western land speculators. However, President Jackson was aware of the situation, but had no power to stop the land sales or limit bank discounts. The president's plan to solve the issue as noted in the book American History A Survey (269), was to order that nothing but gold or silver could be exchanged for public lands. This was called his ?Specie Circular? in 1836. This new concept for land purchases was just a sign of the trouble and panic that was ahead for the country. The people would begin to experience a shortage of paper money, the precious metals would be driven out of the country, and the banks would not have the resources to claim any bills. Thus, the nation's banks would fail to survive. Consequently, many corporations and small businesses, as well as individual workers would also suffer. Soon, corporations and individual businesses everywhere began to issue certificates that would be redeemed at their business. These tickets would be valid for items and services such as barber services and food s taples. In other words, to get a haircut or buy a loaf of bread you needed a ticket or certificate. Debts were all paid without the form of paper money. The public soon became leery of using the tickets, and had figured out that there was a shortage of currency. Previously, the people had been purchasing things they did not need, and for which they could not pay. And when their finances failed, they blamed it on the president. In John Wentworth's lecture he stated the signs of economic collapse were present before President Jackson fulfilled his term and left office. The interest rates climbed over 20%, cotton prices spiraled crazily, and food riots erupted in New York City. The inflated land values, speculation, and wildcat banking contributed to the crisis which became known as the ?Hard Times of 1837-1843?. In the paper ?Panic of 1837? written by the PEI History Department, it was researched and written that: over 39,000 Americans went bankrupt, losing 741 million dollars as the depression reduced many people to the streets and also to starvation. This depression also spread across the ocean to Britain and the rest of Europe. From a lithograph (courtesy of the New York Historical Society, New York, published in the book American History A Survey, on the 4th of July 1837) it showed just how the depression was affecting the people. For

Louis Vuitton in Japan

Louis Vuitton in Japan Abstract Japan is a lucrative market for global luxury brands. Many companies have realized this fact and have concentrated most of their operations in this country. Louis Vuitton is no exception. It succeeded in this market. This paper shows that the unique demographics of the Asian country and the company’s aggressive marketing campaigns have contributed to its Japanese success.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Louis Vuitton in Japan specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Evidences from this paper also show that poor economic conditions and changing customer preferences, in Japan, threaten the French-based company’s profitability. Nonetheless, there are many opportunities for increasing its sales growth. This paper suggests that the company should open new stores in mid-sized towns to increase its brand presence in the market. Similarly, it suggests the need to improve the popularity of Louis Vuitton brands by undertaking more local marketing campaigns. Overall, this paper shows that although Japan accounts for most of Louis Vuitton’s profits, the company could increase its dominance in this market by adopting new marketing strategies. Introduction Louis Vuitton is a global luxury brand that has operated in the Japanese market for more than four decades (Ivey, 2008). As a case study, this paper explores how the French-based company started its operations in the Asian nation and why it has achieved tremendous success in this market. Since Louis Vuitton is a successful global entity, this paper also investigates whether global economic conditions affect its operations. Similarly, it highlights how the company can overcome some of these challenges and exploit the demographics of the Japanese market to improve its market success. These analyses give a comprehensive understanding of Louis Vuitton’s operations in Japan. Why Louis Vuitton Succeeded in the Japanese Market Japan i s an important market for Louis Vuitton because it accounts for almost 50% of the company’s profits (Ivey, 2008). Aggressive marketing campaigns have boosted the brand’s profile in the country’s fashion industry. The success of the Omotesando marketing campaign, in Japan, attests to this fact (Ivey, 2008). Such campaigns have provided a platform for introducing extravagant stores in several parts of the Asian country (including successful outlets in Ginza and Roppongi) (Ivey, 2008). Besides its aggressive advertising strategy, Louis Vuitton’s success, in Japan, also stems from the company’s pricing strategy.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In the past, the company adopted a premium pricing strategy for its branded products, but uncertain economic conditions have made it untenable for the company to continue doing so. Since then, i t has changed its strategy and now adopts a flexible pricing plan that portrays the Louis Vuitton brand as affordable. This strategy largely boosted the brand’s sales. Opportunities and Challenges for Louis Vuitton in Japan Challenges: Poor economic conditions and changing customer preferences present the most notable challenges for Louis Vuitton’s operations in the Japanese market. These challenges affect the company’s sales and make it difficult for the brand to understand the nature of future fashion trends. Opportunities: Undoubtedly, there is a notable market presence of the Louis Vuitton brand in Japan. However, there is a lot of potential for the company to expand its operations in mid-sized cities and other locations where the brand does not have a notable market presence. This move would popularize the brand (further) and increase its revenue streams. Specifics of the Japanese Fashion Luxury Market The Japanese fashion market has accepted Louis Vuitton because of its unique social and economic dynamics that differentiate it from western markets. For example, besides being fashion-conscious people, the Japanese society buys luxury brands as a status symbol. Moreover, a demographic analysis of the market shows a large middle-income population that affords luxury brands, such as Louis Vuitton. Furthermore, there is a huge population of middle-aged women who prefer to update their fashion, often (Ivey, 2008). Lastly, the Japanese culture requires people to dress according to their social status. People who have a high income prefer to have fashionable products like Louis Vuitton. This is why many global luxury brands depend on Japan to support their global operations (Ivey, 2008). Original Entry Strategy of Louis Vuitton in Japan and the Strategies it adopted to strengthen its Market Presence Louis Vuitton’s entry into the Japanese market started in 1977 through a direct market entry strategy. Albeit controversial, this strateg y allowed the company to acquire two stores. The stores were departmental and stocked a few brands. They accounted for more than $10 million (in annual profits) after selling directly exported fashion products from France (Ivey, 2008). The success of the stores paved the way for expanding the company’s network of outlets. Statistics, from 2007, show that Louis Vuitton owns more than 54 stores in Japan (Ivey, 2008). However, as a group, the company manages about 250 stores in the same market (Ivey, 2008). In the last decade, the brand has changed its operational strategy by operating some stores as franchises. Most of them are in Nagoya, Osaka, and Tokyo.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Louis Vuitton in Japan specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Will the Global Financial Crisis Affect Louis Vuitton and how will the Company Overcome it? Louis Vuitton is vulnerable to the intrigues of the global economy. Its vulnera bility stems from its reliance on tourist markets and disposable income fluctuations. Therefore, when the global economy suffers from terrorism threats and poor economic outcomes, the company suffers declined sales. Louis Vuitton learned this lesson in Japan after the 2001 terrorist attack in the US and the 2007/2008 economic crisis. It suffered decreased sales from low tourist numbers and a growing hesitation by shoppers to spend their money on expensive luxury items. To overcome such challenges, the company needs to localize its marketing strategy and grow its domestic markets (Melicher Norton, 2014). This strategy would make most of its global stores independent. For example, instead of relying on tourist markets to support the Japanese stores, the company should popularize its products to the Japanese people and make its stores independent. Therefore, when, an economic crisis happens in one part of the world, other stores (that do not operate in the affected regions) are not af fected (Pearce Robinson, 2013). Conclusion Louis Vuitton’s Japanese success mirrors the success of other global luxury brands in the same market. This paper shows that the unique demographics of the Asian country largely contribute to a growing demand for Louis Vuitton products in Japan. Poor economic conditions and changing customer preferences emerge as the main challenges of the French-based company. However, there are many opportunities for increasing its sales numbers. Consequently, this paper suggests that the company should open new stores in mid-sized towns to increase its brand presence in Japan. Focusing on improving Louis Vuitton’s popularity in the country would also reduce the company’s reliance on overseas markets. Overall, although Japan accounts for most of Louis Vuitton’s profit, the company could benefit from adopting new strategies to improve its dominance in this market. References Ivey, R. (2008). Louis Vuitton in Japan. Retrieved fr om https://www.asiapacific.ca/Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Melicher, R. W., Norton, E. A. (2014). Introduction to Finance: Markets, Investments,  and Financial Management. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley. Pearce, J., Robinson, R. (2013). Strategic Management: Planning for Domestic   Global Competition. Boston, MA: McGraw Hill.

Definition and Examples of Business Jargon in English

Definition and Examples of Business Jargon in English Business jargon is the specialized language used by members of corporations and bureaucracies. Also known as corporate jargon, business-speak, and bureaucratese. Business jargon typically includes buzzwords, vogue words, and euphemisms. Contrast with plain English. Examples and Observations Hes successful in interfacing with clients we already have, but as for new clients, its low-hanging fruit. He takes a high-altitude view, but he doesnt drill down to that level of granularity where we might actionize new opportunities.Clark winced. I remember that one. I think I may have had a minor stroke in the office when he said that.(Emily St. John Mandel, Station Eleven. Alfred A. Knopf, 2014) The Poisonous Spell of Business Jargon The next time you feel the need to reach out, touch base, shift a paradigm, leverage a best practice or join a tiger team, by all means do it. Just don’t say you’re doing it.If you have to ask why, chances are you’ve fallen under the poisonous spell of business jargon. No longer solely the province of consultants, investors and business-school types, this annoying gobbledygook has mesmerized the rank and file around the globe.Jargon masks real meaning, says Jennifer Chatman, management professor at the University of California-Berkeley’s Haas School of Business. People use it as a substitute for thinking hard and clearly about their goals and the direction that they want to give others.(Max Mallet, Brett Nelson and Chris Steiner, The Most Annoying, Pretentious And Useless Business Jargon. Forbes, January 26, 2012) Laser-Focused At companies ranging from children’s book publishers to organic-food purveyors, CEOs are increasingly training powerful beams of light on their targets. The phrase laser-focused appeared in more than 250 transcripts of earnings calls and investor events this year, according to data compiled by Bloomberg, on pace to eclipse the 287 in all of 2012. It’s business jargon, says L.J. Rittenhouse, CEO of Rittenhouse Rankings, who consults with executives on communication and strategy. What would a more candid disclosure be? We are focused. What does a laser have to do with it? . . .David Larcker, a professor at the Stanford Graduate School of Business who has studied deception on investor conference calls, says that when executives start using a lot of jargon, it makes you wonder about the believability. Rittenhouse, who analyzes shareholder letters for an annual report on CEO candor and reviews about 100 conference-call transcripts each year, has found that companies that use fact-deficient, obfuscating generalities have worse share performance than more candid companies.(Noah Buhayar, The CEOs Favorite Clichà ©. Bloomberg Businessweek, September 23-29, 2013) Business-Speak In an infamous December 2012 press release, Citigroup announced that it would begin a series of repositioning actions that will further reduce expenses and improve efficiency, resulting in streamlined operations and an optimized consumer footprint across geographies. Translation: 11,000 people would be repositioned out the door.Business-speak, with its heartless euphemisms and empty stock phrases, is the jargon that everyone loves to hate. . . .For several years, Mark Liberman, a linguist at the University of Pennsylvania, has been keeping an eye on the words and phrases that are condemned as business-speak, and he has noticed that as much as mission statements and deliverables, what gets under people’s skin are expressions like impactful, at the end of the day, and low-hanging fruit. As he has investigated these expressions, he noted in a post last month on the blog Language Log, he has found that they are as common in sports, politics, social science, and other spheres as th ey are in business.(Joshua J. Friedman, Jargon: It’s Not the Business World’s Fault! The Boston Globe, September 15, 2013)Dharmeshs culture code incorporates elements of HubSpeak. For example, it instructs that when someone quits or gets fired, the event will be referred to as graduation. This really happens, over and over again. In my first month at HubSpot Ive witnessed several graduations, just in the marketing department. Well get an email from Cranium saying, Team, Just letting you know that Derek has graduated from HubSpot, and were excited to see how he uses his superpowers in his next big adventure!(Dan Lyons, Disrupted: My Misadventure in the Start-Up Bubble. Hachette, 2016) Business-Speak in Higher Education As universities are beaten into the shapes dictated by business, so language is suborned to its ends. We have all heard the robotic idiom of management, as if a button had activated a digitally generated voice. Like Newspeak in Nineteen Eighty-Four, business-speak is an instance of magical naming, superimposing the imagery of the market on the idea of a university–through ‘targets, ‘benchmarks, time-charts, league tables, ‘vision statements, ‘content providers. We may laugh or groan, depending on the state of our mental health at the thickets of TLAs–three-letter acronyms, in the coinage of the writer Richard Hamblyn–that accumulate like dental plaque. . . .The code conceals aggression: actions are undertaken in its name and justified by its rules; it pushes responsibility from persons to systems. It pushes individuals to one side and replaces them with columns, boxes, numbers, rubrics, often meaningless tautologies (a form will ask first for ‘aims, and then for ‘objectives’).(Marina Warner, Learning My Lesson. London Review of Books, March 19, 2015) The Epic Poetry of Modern Business Jargon is an invaluable tool in massaging meaning for marketing purposes. Investment is a particularly fertile field. Promoters may describe a start-up with no customers as pre-revenue, optimistically implying that sales are inevitable. Hoped-for turnover will be projected in a business plan, a document used for raising finance and scrupulously ignored thenceforth.Terminology that deflects criticism while bestowing spurious professionalism is essential to the manager. Hence the phrase Im outside the loop on that excuses knuckle-dragging cluelessness. Im afraid I dont have the bandwidth is a polite way of saying: You arent important enough for me to help you. And It is my understanding that . . . allows the speaker to assert vague suspicions as solid facts...Jargon is the epic poetry of modern business. It can turn a bunch of windbags in a meeting room into a quick wins taskforce. I once asked a handyman toiling in an office doorway whether he was installing a wheelchair ramp. No, he said solemnly, its a diversity access feature.(Jonathan Guthrie, Three Cheers for the Epic Poetry of Jargon. Financial Times, Dec. 13, 2007) Financial Jargon: Reversification The images and metaphors keep doing headstands. To bail out is to slop water over the side of a boat. That verb has been reversified so that it means an injection of public money into a failing institution; taking something dangerous out has turned into putting something vital in. Credit has been reversified: it means debt. Inflation means money being worth less. Synergy means sacking people. Risk means precise mathematical assessment of probability. Noncore assets means garbage. These are all examples of how the process of innovation, experimentation, and progress in the techniques of finance has been brought to bear on language, so that words no longer mean what they once did. It is not a process intended to deceive, but . . . it confines knowledge to a priesthood- the priesthood of people who can speak money. (John Lanchester, Money Talks. The New Yorker, August 4, 2014) Greenspans Fed-Jargon A special area of financial jargon is Greenspeak, the terms and phrases of Federal Reserve Board Chairman [1987-2006], Alan Greenspan. For decades a small group of economists known as Fed-watchers, pored over the statements made by the Federal Reserve, looking for indications of changes in Federal Reserve policy. Today, almost every investor and business person in the U.S. listens to the latest Fed pronouncements. From his 1999 description of the technology stock market as irrational exuberance, to his considerable period, soft patch, and short-lived descriptions of the economy and monetary policy in 2003-2004, the words of Alan Greenspan [became] common in American business jargon. (W. Davis Folsom, Understanding American Business Jargon: A Dictionary, 2nd ed. Greenwood, 2005)